容器技术之Docker常用命令说明

2020-05-30 16:10:09来源:博客园 阅读 ()

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容器技术之Docker常用命令说明

docker容器把资源抽象成对象;作为客户端,docker这个命令其实就是在对这些抽象出来的资源对象做增删查改的操作;docker的API是RESTful风格的API,所以它支持类似像http协议里的GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等操作;RESTful风格的API有这样的特点;1、每一个URI代表1种资源;2、支持类似http里的GET、POST、PUT、DELETE;GET用来获取资源,POST用来新建资源(也可以用于更新资源),PUT用来更新资源,DELETE用来删除资源;3、通过操作资源的表现形式来操作资源;4、资源的表现形式是XML或者HTML;5、客户端与服务端之间的交互在请求之间是无状态的,从客户端到服务端的每个请求都必须包含理解请求所必需的信息。

  前面我们聊了docker的基本概念、架构、镜像、网络、数据卷,回顾请参考https://www.cnblogs.com/qiuhom-1874/category/1766327.html;今天这篇博客主要是对前面博客中的常用命令做一个总结补充说明;

  在前面的博客中我们说过docker是基于LXC之上封装来实现容器的,其核心就是利用内核的资源名称空间和Cgroup实现资源的管控和隔离;这里要补充一点的是docker容器把资源抽象成对象;作为客户端,docker这个命令其实就是在对这些抽象出来的资源对象做增删查改的操作;docker的API是RESTful风格的API,所以它支持类似像http协议里的GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等操作;RESTful风格的API有这样的特点;1、每一个URI代表1种资源;2、支持类似http里的GET、POST、PUT、DELETE;GET用来获取资源,POST用来新建资源(也可以用于更新资源),PUT用来更新资源,DELETE用来删除资源;3、通过操作资源的表现形式来操作资源;4、资源的表现形式是XML或者HTML;5、客户端与服务端之间的交互在请求之间是无状态的,从客户端到服务端的每个请求都必须包含理解请求所必需的信息。这也是docker客户端和服务端使用http或https协议通信的原因吧!!

  了解了上面docker的API风格,我们接下来再说说docker的对象;docker的对象大概有这样几个,1、镜像(image),2、容器(container),3、网络(network),4、卷(volumes),5、插件(plugins);除上5种还有就是其他对象;其中最为核心的就image,container,network;对于docker来说运行一容器的最最基础的是需要一镜像,其次就是网络,对于容器来讲,我们运行容器的目的就是为了提供服务,而绝大部分服务都是基于网络的,所以真正产生价值的是把服务通过网络提供给客户;所以网络是必不可少的资源;

  镜像相关操作

  镜像搜索

[root@node1 ~]# docker search nginx
NAME                               DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
nginx                              Official build of Nginx.                        13255               [OK]                
jwilder/nginx-proxy                Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   1812                                    [OK]
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm            Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…   775                                     [OK]
linuxserver/nginx                  An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS…   113                                     
bitnami/nginx                      Bitnami nginx Docker Image                      83                                      [OK]
tiangolo/nginx-rtmp                Docker image with Nginx using the nginx-rtmp…   74                                      [OK]
alfg/nginx-rtmp                    NGINX, nginx-rtmp-module and FFmpeg from sou…   64                                      [OK]
jc21/nginx-proxy-manager           Docker container for managing Nginx proxy ho…   61                                      
nginxdemos/hello                   NGINX webserver that serves a simple page co…   50                                      [OK]
jlesage/nginx-proxy-manager        Docker container for Nginx Proxy Manager        44                                      [OK]
nginx/nginx-ingress                NGINX Ingress Controller for Kubernetes         32                                      
privatebin/nginx-fpm-alpine        PrivateBin running on an Nginx, php-fpm & Al…   25                                      [OK]
schmunk42/nginx-redirect           A very simple container to redirect HTTP tra…   18                                      [OK]
nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged        Unprivileged NGINX Dockerfiles                  16                                      
centos/nginx-112-centos7           Platform for running nginx 1.12 or building …   13                                      
blacklabelops/nginx                Dockerized Nginx Reverse Proxy Server.          13                                      [OK]
centos/nginx-18-centos7            Platform for running nginx 1.8 or building n…   13                                      
raulr/nginx-wordpress              Nginx front-end for the official wordpress:f…   12                                      [OK]
nginx/nginx-prometheus-exporter    NGINX Prometheus Exporter                       12                                      
mailu/nginx                        Mailu nginx frontend                            7                                       [OK]
sophos/nginx-vts-exporter          Simple server that scrapes Nginx vts stats a…   7                                       [OK]
bitnami/nginx-ingress-controller   Bitnami Docker Image for NGINX Ingress Contr…   5                                       [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/nginx-apb    An APB to deploy NGINX                          1                                       [OK]
wodby/nginx                        Generic nginx                                   1                                       [OK]
centos/nginx-110-centos7           Platform for running nginx 1.10 or building …   0                                       
[root@node1 ~]#

  提示:docker search 命令是从dockerhub中检索对应镜像的命令;该命令有个-s选项,是用于指定镜像的星级;通过使用-s选项可以筛选出我们指定星级以上的镜像;

[root@node1 ~]# docker search -s 5000 nginx
Flag --stars has been deprecated, use --filter=stars=3 instead
NAME                DESCRIPTION                STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
nginx               Official build of Nginx.   13255               [OK]                
[root@node1 ~]# docker search -s 500 nginx 
Flag --stars has been deprecated, use --filter=stars=3 instead
NAME                      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
nginx                     Official build of Nginx.                        13255               [OK]                
jwilder/nginx-proxy       Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   1812                                    [OK]
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm   Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…   775                                     [OK]
[root@node1 ~]# 

  镜像下载

[root@node1 ~]# docker pull nginx
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
afb6ec6fdc1c: Pull complete 
b90c53a0b692: Pull complete 
11fa52a0fdc0: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:30dfa439718a17baafefadf16c5e7c9d0a1cde97b4fd84f63b69e13513be7097
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
docker.io/library/nginx:latest
[root@node1 ~]# docker image pull centos:7
7: Pulling from library/centos
524b0c1e57f8: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:e9ce0b76f29f942502facd849f3e468232492b259b9d9f076f71b392293f1582
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:7
docker.io/library/centos:7
[root@node1 ~]#

  提示:docker pull和docker image pull两个命令都是从dockerhub仓库中下载指定镜像;这里需要提示一下,docker的镜像是镜像名+版本组成的;如果我们只指定了镜像名称没有指定版本,默认是latest版本(最新版);

  查看镜像列表

[root@node1 ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx               latest              9beeba249f3e        13 days ago         127MB
centos              7                   b5b4d78bc90c        3 weeks ago         203MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx               latest              9beeba249f3e        13 days ago         127MB
centos              7                   b5b4d78bc90c        3 weeks ago         203MB
[root@node1 ~]#

  提示:docker image ls 等同docker images 这两个命令都是用来查看本地仓库所有镜像列表;

  除了上面的两种操作外,还有其他操作,我们可以通过docker image --help 来查看对镜像的命令帮助;如下

[root@node1 ~]# docker image --help

Usage:  docker image COMMAND

Manage images

Commands:
  build       Build an image from a Dockerfile
  history     Show the history of an image
  import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
  inspect     Display detailed information on one or more images
  load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
  ls          List images
  prune       Remove unused images
  pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry
  push        Push an image or a repository to a registry
  rm          Remove one or more images
  save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
  tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE

Run 'docker image COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:build子命令是基于dockerfile来构建镜像;history:显示镜像的历史制作过程;import:从tarball导入内容以创建文件系统镜像;inspect:显示镜像的详细信息;load:指定本地一个tar包格式的文件从标准输入导入镜像;prune:移除未使用的镜像;push:把指定镜像推送到仓库;rm:删除一个或多个镜像;save:导出一个或多个镜像到本地指定tar文件中;默认是从标准输出导出;tag:对指定镜像新建一个标签;

  查看镜像历史

[root@node1 ~]# docker image history   nginx              
IMAGE               CREATED             CREATED BY                                      SIZE                COMMENT
9beeba249f3e        13 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD ["nginx" "-g" "daemon…   0B                  
<missing>           13 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  STOPSIGNAL SIGTERM           0B                  
<missing>           13 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  EXPOSE 80                    0B                  
<missing>           13 days ago         /bin/sh -c ln -sf /dev/stdout /var/log/nginx…   22B                 
<missing>           13 days ago         /bin/sh -c set -x     && addgroup --system -…   57.6MB              
<missing>           13 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  ENV PKG_RELEASE=1~buster     0B                  
<missing>           13 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  ENV NJS_VERSION=0.3.9        0B                  
<missing>           13 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  ENV NGINX_VERSION=1.17.10    0B                  
<missing>           13 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  LABEL maintainer=NGINX Do…   0B                  
<missing>           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD ["bash"]                 0B                  
<missing>           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:7780c81c33e6cc5b6…   69.2MB              
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:以上默认是显示部分命令,如果要显示命令全部可以使用 --no-trunc选项;

  查看镜像详细信息

[root@node1 ~]# docker image inspect nginx
[
    {
        "Id": "sha256:9beeba249f3ee158d3e495a6ac25c5667ae2de8a43ac2a8bfd2bf687a58c06c9",
        "RepoTags": [
            "nginx:latest"
        ],
        "RepoDigests": [
            "nginx@sha256:30dfa439718a17baafefadf16c5e7c9d0a1cde97b4fd84f63b69e13513be7097"
        ],
        "Parent": "",
        "Comment": "",
        "Created": "2020-05-15T20:15:52.366876108Z",
        "Container": "ed0a25109c2acf3dcb0b4926cad00692e01717b8417d36e50928aa6f03a711ca",
        "ContainerConfig": {
            "Hostname": "ed0a25109c2a",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.17.10",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.3.9",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1~buster"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "#(nop) ",
                "CMD [\"nginx\" \"-g\" \"daemon off;\"]"
            ],
            "ArgsEscaped": true,
            "Image": "sha256:23edbb1066877bcc22193518edb32ee3a50a18d52787c4f45f9a8bca95d329eb",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
            },
            "StopSignal": "SIGTERM"
        },
        "DockerVersion": "18.09.7",
        "Author": "",
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.17.10",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.3.9",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1~buster"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "nginx",
                "-g",
                "daemon off;"
            ],
            "ArgsEscaped": true,
            "Image": "sha256:23edbb1066877bcc22193518edb32ee3a50a18d52787c4f45f9a8bca95d329eb",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
            },
            "StopSignal": "SIGTERM"
        },
        "Architecture": "amd64",
        "Os": "linux",
        "Size": 126773960,
        "VirtualSize": 126773960,
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/4728ce1723abfab65d8065858c616360f45e258d53e7573be8e0f7bbe338be5d/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e998de0cd64ffe2b0410fb4595cbc3358b1b28626c8d356c6c6ac0ef97234a31/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d9c40ef0bb9226e6a84b720b9c6ce18ed46b4f61caab567b5ee13a801dbc7ef5/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d9c40ef0bb9226e6a84b720b9c6ce18ed46b4f61caab567b5ee13a801dbc7ef5/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d9c40ef0bb9226e6a84b720b9c6ce18ed46b4f61caab567b5ee13a801dbc7ef5/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "RootFS": {
            "Type": "layers",
            "Layers": [
                "sha256:ffc9b21953f4cd7956cdf532a5db04ff0a2daa7475ad796f1bad58cfbaf77a07",
                "sha256:2f4accd375d93db49e5a47c9bebe4e0dd3cef35f765f5cd36840a986435affc9",
                "sha256:6c7de695ede33d90077f01d60ec29e6a51552a3e350757018ff1b1ecd6cee0bf"
            ]
        },
        "Metadata": {
            "LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        }
    }
]
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:docker image inspect 是显示指定镜像的详细信息;其中-f选项可以只显示指定字段;起着过滤功能

[root@node1 ~]# docker image inspect -f {{.RootFS}} nginx        
{layers [sha256:ffc9b21953f4cd7956cdf532a5db04ff0a2daa7475ad796f1bad58cfbaf77a07 sha256:2f4accd375d93db49e5a47c9bebe4e0dd3cef35f765f5cd36840a986435affc9 sha256:6c7de695ede33d90077f01d60ec29e6a51552a3e350757018ff1b1ecd6cee0bf] }
[root@node1 ~]# docker image inspect -f {{.RootFS.Type}} nginx 
layers
[root@node1 ~]# docker image inspect -f {{.RootFS.Layers}} nginx    
[sha256:ffc9b21953f4cd7956cdf532a5db04ff0a2daa7475ad796f1bad58cfbaf77a07 sha256:2f4accd375d93db49e5a47c9bebe4e0dd3cef35f765f5cd36840a986435affc9 sha256:6c7de695ede33d90077f01d60ec29e6a51552a3e350757018ff1b1ecd6cee0bf]
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:-f指定字段必须从“.”开始且需要用双大括号把字段括起来;如果一级字段是下还有二级字段,可以使用“.”加二级字段名称来表示显示二级字段的值;以此类推;

  删除镜像

[root@node1 ~]# docker pull busybox
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/busybox
d9cbbca60e5f: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:836945da1f3afe2cfff376d379852bbb82e0237cb2925d53a13f53d6e8a8c48c
Status: Downloaded newer image for busybox:latest
docker.io/library/busybox:latest
[root@node1 ~]# docker pull alpine
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/alpine
cbdbe7a5bc2a: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:9a839e63dad54c3a6d1834e29692c8492d93f90c59c978c1ed79109ea4fb9a54
Status: Downloaded newer image for alpine:latest
docker.io/library/alpine:latest
[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx               latest              9beeba249f3e        13 days ago         127MB
busybox             latest              78096d0a5478        2 weeks ago         1.22MB
centos              7                   b5b4d78bc90c        3 weeks ago         203MB
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker image rm centos:7
Untagged: centos:7
Untagged: centos@sha256:e9ce0b76f29f942502facd849f3e468232492b259b9d9f076f71b392293f1582
Deleted: sha256:b5b4d78bc90ccd15806443fb881e35b5ddba924e2f475c1071a38a3094c3081d
Deleted: sha256:edf3aa290fb3c255a84fe836109093fbfeef65c08544f655fad8d6afb53868ba
[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx               latest              9beeba249f3e        13 days ago         127MB
busybox             latest              78096d0a5478        2 weeks ago         1.22MB
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]#

  提示:删除镜像的前提是该镜像没有运行成容器;docker image rm 等同docker rmi命令;如果需要强行删除已经运行为容器的镜像,可以使用-f选项来指定;

[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker run --name a1 -d alpine
d0abe1efe7138dfb409574a785e77b4941a50534a23740d6f7d2f1af36d05589
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                     PORTS               NAMES
d0abe1efe713        alpine              "/bin/sh"           4 seconds ago       Exited (0) 2 seconds ago                       a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker image rm alpine
Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to remove repository reference "alpine" (must force) - container d0abe1efe713 is using its referenced image f70734b6a266
[root@node1 ~]# docker rmi alpine
Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to remove repository reference "alpine" (must force) - container d0abe1efe713 is using its referenced image f70734b6a266
[root@node1 ~]# docker image rm -f alpine
Untagged: alpine:latest
Untagged: alpine@sha256:9a839e63dad54c3a6d1834e29692c8492d93f90c59c978c1ed79109ea4fb9a54
Deleted: sha256:f70734b6a266dcb5f44c383274821207885b549b75c8e119404917a61335981a
[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:只要运行为容器,不管容器是否是运行状态,删除镜像都需要先删除容器在删除镜像,否则就需要用-f来指定强制删除镜像;通常不建议这么干;

  给镜像打标签

[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker image tag alpine:latest alpine:v1
[root@node1 ~]# docker image tag alpine:latest alpine:v2
[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v1                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v2                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker tag alpine alpine:v3 
[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v1                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v2                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:docker image tag 和docker tag 等同;都是用于给镜像打标签;打标签的意思类似给镜像取别名的意思;

  移除未使用的镜像

[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx               latest              9beeba249f3e        13 days ago         127MB
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v1                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v2                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
d0abe1efe713        alpine              "/bin/sh"           11 minutes ago      Exited (0) 11 minutes ago                       a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker image prune -a
WARNING! This will remove all images without at least one container associated to them.
Are you sure you want to continue? [y/N] y
Deleted Images:
untagged: alpine:latest
untagged: alpine:v1
untagged: alpine:v2
untagged: nginx:latest
untagged: nginx@sha256:30dfa439718a17baafefadf16c5e7c9d0a1cde97b4fd84f63b69e13513be7097
deleted: sha256:9beeba249f3ee158d3e495a6ac25c5667ae2de8a43ac2a8bfd2bf687a58c06c9
deleted: sha256:8fb6373b4cca3383756d7fd7843dd92f95827e5f2913609e09a9621dcddb3752
deleted: sha256:8b09841626797a03a9fe5e73aa38aeacf9ff0ce85a3004236ff35234eec3b35c
deleted: sha256:ffc9b21953f4cd7956cdf532a5db04ff0a2daa7475ad796f1bad58cfbaf77a07

Total reclaimed space: 126.8MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:-a表示移除全部未使用的镜像;如果不想交互式确认可以使用-f选项,-f表示强制删除,不询问;

  把指定镜像推送到仓库

[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
linux1874/myimg     latest              e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
linux1874/myimg     v0.1                e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker image push linux1874/myimg
The push refers to repository [docker.io/linux1874/myimg]
Get https://registry-1.docker.io/v2/: net/http: request canceled (Client.Timeout exceeded while awaiting headers)
[root@node1 ~]# docker image push linux1874/myimg
The push refers to repository [docker.io/linux1874/myimg]
4d567d38fed1: Layer already exists 
1079c30efc82: Layer already exists 
latest: digest: sha256:6c2f6b7a0df5ca0a46cd46d858e9fd564169471e6715c0155027ac77672508f6 size: 734
4d567d38fed1: Layer already exists 
1079c30efc82: Layer already exists 
v0.1: digest: sha256:6c2f6b7a0df5ca0a46cd46d858e9fd564169471e6715c0155027ac77672508f6 size: 734
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:如果是往自己私有仓库里推送镜像,需要先登录,然后在推镜像;这里需要注意一点镜像的命名需要同仓库一样;如果是顶级仓库则没有“/”分割;如果推送镜像没有指定版本,默认会把本地指定镜像的所有版本的推送到仓库;

  镜像导出

[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
linux1874/myimg     latest              e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
linux1874/myimg     v0.1                e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker save alpine > alpine.tar.gz
[root@node1 ~]# ls
alpine.tar.gz
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:docker save默认是把镜像输出到标准输出,所以我们导出时需要用重定向的方式存储到某个文件中,通常这个文件是tar格式的文件;

  镜像导入

[root@node1 ~]# scp alpine.tar.gz 192.168.0.22:/root
The authenticity of host '192.168.0.22 (192.168.0.22)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:EG9nua4JJuUeofheXlgQeL9hX5H53JynOqf2vf53mII.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:57:83:e6:46:2c:4b:bb:33:13:56:17:f7:fd:76:71:cc.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.0.22' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
alpine.tar.gz                                                   100% 5750KB  31.9MB/s   00:00    
[root@node1 ~]# 
[root@docker_node1 ~]# ip a s ens33
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:22:36:7f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.0.22/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe22:367f/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@docker_node1 ~]# ls
alpine.tar.gz  
[root@docker_node1 ~]# docker images
WARNING: Error loading config file: /root/.docker/config.json: EOF
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
linux1874/myimg     v0.1                e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
wordpress           latest              c3fa1c8546fb        4 weeks ago         540MB
mysql               5.7                 f965319e89de        4 weeks ago         448MB
httpd               2.4.37-alpine       dfd436f9a5d8        17 months ago       91.8MB
[root@docker_node1 ~]# docker load -i alpine.tar.gz 
WARNING: Error loading config file: /root/.docker/config.json: EOF
3e207b409db3: Loading layer  5.879MB/5.879MB
Loaded image: alpine:v3
[root@docker_node1 ~]# docker images
WARNING: Error loading config file: /root/.docker/config.json: EOF
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
linux1874/myimg     v0.1                e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
wordpress           latest              c3fa1c8546fb        4 weeks ago         540MB
mysql               5.7                 f965319e89de        4 weeks ago         448MB
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
httpd               2.4.37-alpine       dfd436f9a5d8        17 months ago       91.8MB
[root@docker_node1 ~]#

  有关容器的操作

[root@node1 ~]# docker container --help
WARNING: Error loading config file: /root/.docker/config.json: EOF

Usage:  docker container COMMAND

Manage containers

Commands:
  attach      Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
  commit      Create a new image from a container's changes
  cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
  create      Create a new container
  diff        Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem
  exec        Run a command in a running container
  export      Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
  inspect     Display detailed information on one or more containers
  kill        Kill one or more running containers
  logs        Fetch the logs of a container
  ls          List containers
  pause       Pause all processes within one or more containers
  port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
  prune       Remove all stopped containers
  rename      Rename a container
  restart     Restart one or more containers
  rm          Remove one or more containers
  run         Run a command in a new container
  start       Start one or more stopped containers
  stats       Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
  stop        Stop one or more running containers
  top         Display the running processes of a container
  unpause     Unpause all processes within one or more containers
  update      Update configuration of one or more containers
  wait        Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes

Run 'docker container COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:docker container 操作大概有这么多;其中run ,exec,kill,port,logs,inspect用的比较多;其余命令其实我们看子命令就大概知道什么意思;如果需要查看某个子命令的具体用法和选项,我们可以加上子命令 然后用--help来查看帮助即可;如下

[root@node1 ~]# docker container logs --help
WARNING: Error loading config file: /root/.docker/config.json: EOF

Usage:  docker container logs [OPTIONS] CONTAINER

Fetch the logs of a container

Options:
      --details        Show extra details provided to logs
  -f, --follow         Follow log output
      --since string   Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative
                       (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
      --tail string    Number of lines to show from the end of the logs (default "all")
  -t, --timestamps     Show timestamps
      --until string   Show logs before a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative
                       (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:以上就是查看logs指明的用法和选项说明;

  创建容器

[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
linux1874/myimg     latest              e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
linux1874/myimg     v0.1                e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker container create alpine
Unable to find image 'alpine:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/alpine
Digest: sha256:9a839e63dad54c3a6d1834e29692c8492d93f90c59c978c1ed79109ea4fb9a54
Status: Downloaded newer image for alpine:latest
13bcdb5067a31389acd75b8218f73c9d759590b81e178084de3c8110af330d0b
[root@node1 ~]# docker container ls
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@node1 ~]# docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
13bcdb5067a3        alpine              "/bin/sh"           17 seconds ago      Created                                         tender_grothendieck
d0abe1efe713        alpine              "/bin/sh"           49 minutes ago      Exited (0) 49 minutes ago                       a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
13bcdb5067a3        alpine              "/bin/sh"           3 minutes ago       Created                                         tender_grothendieck
d0abe1efe713        alpine              "/bin/sh"           53 minutes ago      Exited (0) 53 minutes ago                       a1
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:用create命令创建容器,容器不会自动运行;查看容器用ls命令,其中ls不加选项表示查看运行状态的容器列表,-a表示查看所有状态容器列表;docker container ls 就等同docker ps 都用于查看运行态容器列表; 

  创建并运行容器

[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@node1 ~]# docker images 
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
linux1874/myimg     latest              e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
linux1874/myimg     v0.1                e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker run --name a1 -d linux1874/myimg
6be4be4e54690bc10fb07b12cc00c3173636ed95bd456f04ed2cca6cb8cc93e9
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
6be4be4e5469        linux1874/myimg     "/bin/sh -c '/bin/ht…"   4 seconds ago       Up 2 seconds                            a1
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:docker run 等同docker container run;其中--name表示指定容器的的名称;-d表示后台运行,不占据现有终端;用run命令表示运行一容器,如果本地没有镜像,它默认会从dockerhub上去拖镜像,然后直接创建并运行容器;如果有镜像,则直接创建并运行为容器;

  停止、启动、重启容器

[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
6be4be4e5469        linux1874/myimg     "/bin/sh -c '/bin/ht…"   4 minutes ago       Up 4 minutes                            a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker stop a1
a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                       PORTS               NAMES
6be4be4e5469        linux1874/myimg     "/bin/sh -c '/bin/ht…"   4 minutes ago       Exited (137) 5 seconds ago                       a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker start a1
a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
6be4be4e5469        linux1874/myimg     "/bin/sh -c '/bin/ht…"   4 minutes ago       Up 3 seconds                            a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker restart a1
a1
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
6be4be4e5469        linux1874/myimg     "/bin/sh -c '/bin/ht…"   5 minutes ago       Up 6 seconds                            a1
[root@node1 ~]#

  提示:以上命令都支持后面跟多个容器,表示同时操作多个容器;docker start;docker stop ;docker restart;这三个命令等同docker contaier start,docker container stop ,docker container restart;停止容器除了正常用stop停止外,还可以使用kill命令停止容器;两者不同的是一个是给docker进程发送15号信号,正常停止容器,一个是发送9号信号,强杀容器;如下

  提示:--rm选项表示启动一次性容器,容器停止后,自动删除容器;

  查看容器日志

[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@node1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
linux1874/myimg     latest              e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
linux1874/myimg     v0.1                e408b1c6e04f        6 days ago          1.22MB
nginx               stable-alpine       ab94f84cc474        5 weeks ago         21.3MB
alpine              latest              f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
alpine              v3                  f70734b6a266        5 weeks ago         5.61MB
[root@node1 ~]# docker run --name n1 -d nginx:stable-alpine
a859fda7c6021a1e5398f744826d5a62257eb1d272b622ea32dac39f83009fc9
[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                 COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
a859fda7c602        nginx:stable-alpine   "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   3 seconds ago       Up 2 seconds        80/tcp              n1
[root@node1 ~]# docker container inspect -f {{.NetworkSettings.Networks.bridge.IPAddress}} n1
172.17.0.2
[root@node1 ~]# curl http://172.17.0.2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
[root@node1 ~]# elinks -dump http://172.17.0.2
                               Welcome to nginx!

   If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
   working. Further configuration is required.

   For online documentation and support please refer to [1]nginx.org.
   Commercial support is available at [2]nginx.com.

   Thank you for using nginx.

References

   Visible links
   1. http://nginx.org/
   2. http://nginx.com/
[root@node1 ~]# docker logs n1
172.17.0.1 - - [29/May/2020:16:20:15 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "curl/7.29.0" "-"
172.17.0.1 - - [29/May/2020:16:20:27 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "ELinks/0.12pre6 (textmode; Linux; -)" "-"
[root@node1 ~]# docker container logs n1
172.17.0.1 - - [29/May/2020:16:20:15 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "curl/7.29.0" "-"
172.17.0.1 - - [29/May/2020:16:20:27 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "ELinks/0.12pre6 (textmode; Linux; -)" "-"
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:docker container logs等同docker logs命令,用于查看指定容器的日志信息;跟踪某个容器的日志信息可以使用-f选项;该选项同tail -f选项一样;

  删除容器

[root@node1 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                 COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
d6bd7c0a29bb        nginx:stable-alpine   "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   3 seconds ago       Up 3 seconds        80/tcp              n1
[root@node1 ~]# docker container rm n1
Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container d6bd7c0a29bb4ea4cb60266727bd534fa086c8a70831dfea00791034bb2a84c4. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove
[root@node1 ~]# docker container rm -f n1
n1
[root@node1 ~]# 

  提示:删除容器必须得是停止状态的容器才可正常删除;如果删除正在运行的容器需要用到-f选项;docker rm 等同docker container rm 用于删除容器;

  附加到现运行的容器终端

  提示:容器运行服务和传统系统上运行服务端方式有点不同,传统运行服务都是把服务运行到后台,而容器运行服务通常是把服务运行为前台;所以我们进入到容器内部终端是可以直接看到nginx访问日志的输出的;docker attach命令等同docker container attach;

  通过上面对镜像和容器的一些基本操作,总结为一点docker客户端命令就是对docker的资源对象做增删查改操作,每个资源对象后面都有一些子命令支持对该资源的操作;我们可以使用docker +资源对象+--help 来查看该资源对象支持那些操作,每个子命令的用法可以使用docker + 资源对象 + 子命令 + --help来查看具体资源对象子命令的操作命令用法和选项的说明;有关网络和卷的操作我这里就不多去演示;有兴趣的朋友可以试试docker + 资源对象 + --help去了解每个资源对象的用法吧;


原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/qiuhom-1874/p/12990424.html
如有疑问请与原作者联系

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