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（一）hql
hql：hibernate qusery language，如果你已经熟悉它，就会发现它跟sql非常相像。不过 你不要被表面的假象迷惑，hql是面向对象的（oo，用生命的眼光看待每一个对象，他们是如此 鲜活）。如果你对java和sql语句有一定了解的话，那么hql对你简直易如反掌，你完全可以利用在公车上的时间掌握它。以下从几个方面进行慢慢深入：1。大小些敏感大家知道sql-92 query是对大小写不敏感的，但是在hql（前面提到它是oo的）中对对象类的名称和属性确实大小写敏感的（符合java编程语法）。
hql 子句本身大小写无关，但是其中出现的类名和属性名必须注意大小写区分如：select cat.name from cat as cat和select cat.name from cat as cat是一样的但是：select cat.name from cat as cat和select cat.name from cat as cat确实不一样的。2。from语句最简单的：from eg.cat 它只是简单的返回所有eg.cat的实例,通常我们此时会为eg.cat其个别名，因为在query的其余部分可能会用到(参看上边关于大小写敏感时的例子情形)，如：from eg.cat as cat 这里as可以省略。
上边只是单表查询，多表的情况如下写法：from eg.cat, eg.dogfrom eg.cat as cat, eg.dog as dog3。join相关(inner) joinleft (outer) joinright (outer) joinfull joinhql同样对sql中的这些特性支持下面插播一个小话题，关于上边的那些特性，我一直都没怎么用，今天既然说到这里，就想把上边的几个特性的用法说一下，也算对自己的一个补充：
假设有两个表：部门、员工，下面列举一些数据：员工(employee)： id name depno 001 jplateau 01 002 jony 01 003 camel 02
部门(department)： id name 01 研发部 02 营销部在hibernate中我们操纵的都是对象，所以我们操纵的是部门类和员工类
1).(inner) joinselect employee.id as id1,employee.name as name1,
department.id as id2,department.name as name2 from employee as employee
join department as department on employee.depno=department.id (注意到条件语句我用on 没有用where)那么执行结果是什么呢？id1 name1 id2 name2++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++001 jplateau 01 研发部002 jony 01 研发部2).left (outer) joinselect employee.id as id1,employee.name as name1,department.id as id2,department.nameas name2 from employee as employee left join department as department on employee.depno=department.id 那么执行结果又该是什么呢？id1 name1 id2 name2++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++001 jplateau 01 研发部002 jony 01 研发部 003 camel null null {就是说此时我要已第一个表的记录多少为准，第二个表中没有相应纪录的时候填充null} 3). right (outer) joinselect employee.id as id1,employee.name as name1,department.id as id2,department.nameas name2 from employee as employee right join department as department on employee.depno=department.id 那么执行结果又该是什么呢？id1 name1 id2 name2++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++001 jplateau 01 研发部002 jony 01 研发部 null null 02 营销部 {就是说此时我要已第二个表的记录多少为准，第一个表中没有相应纪录的时候填充null} 4。select语句就是要确定你要从查询中返回哪些对象或者哪些对象的属性。写几个例子吧：select employee form employee as employee select employee form employee as employee where employee.name like j%select employee.name form employee as employee where employee.name like j%select employee.id as id1,employee.name as name1,department.id as id2,department.nameas name2 from employee as employee right join department as department on employee.depno=department.id select elements(employee.name) from employee as employee （不明白elements到底是做什么用的？望给于说明） 等等
5。数学函数jdo目前好像还不支持此类特性。avg(…), sum(…), min(…), max(…) count(*) count(…), count(distinct …), count(all…) 其用法和sql基本相同select distinct employee.name from employee as employee select count(distinct employee.name),count(employee) from employee as employee 6。polymorphism (暂时不知道如何解释？)from com.test.animal as animal不光得到所有animal得实例，而且可以得到所有animal的子类（如果我们定义了一个子类cat）一个比较极端的例子from java.lang.object as o可以得到所有持久类的实例7。where语句定义查询语句的条件，举几个例子吧：from employee as employee where employee.name=jplateaufrom employee as employee where employee.name like j%from employee as employee where employee.name like %u在where语句中“=”不光可以比较对象的属性，也可以比较对象，如：select animal from com.test.animal as animal where animal.name=dog8。表达式在sql语句中大部分的表达式在hql中都可以使用：mathematical operators +, -, *, / binary comparison operators =, >=, <=, <>, !=, like logical operations and, or, not string concatenation || sql scalar functions like upper() and lower() parentheses ( ) indicate grouping in, between, is null jdbc in parameters ? named parameters :name, :start_date, :x1 （这种应该是另一种"?"的变通解决方法）sql literals foo, 69, 1970-01-01 10:00:01.0 java public static final constants eg.color.tabby 其他不必解释了，在这里我只想对查询中的参数问题说明一下：大家知道在sql中进行传递参数进行查询的时候，我们通常用preparedstatement，在语句中写一大堆的“？”，在hql中也可以用这种方法，如：list mates = sess.find("select employee.name from employee as employee " +"where employee.name=? ",name,hibernate.string);(说明：上面利用session里的find方法，在hibernate的api session中重载了很多find方法，它可以满足你多种形式的查询)上边是一个参数的情形，这种情况下紧接着引入参数和定义参数的类型，当为多个参数，调用另一个find方法，它的后两个参数都是数组的形式。还有另外一种方法来解决上边的问题，jdo也有这样的方法，不过和hibernate的表现形式上有差别，但他们两个骨子里却是一样的，如：query q = sess.createquery("select employee.name from employee as employee where employee.name=:name");q.setstring("name", "jplateau");//当有多个参数的时候在此逐一定义iterator employees = q.iterate(); 9。order 语句和sql语句没什么差别，如：select employee.name from employee as employee where employee.name like j% order by employee.id desc (或者asc)10。group by 语句同样和sql语句没什么差别，如：select employee.name,employee.depno from employee as employee group by employee.depnoselect foo.id, avg( elements(foo.names) ), max( indices(foo.names) ) from eg.foo foo group by foo.id{note: you may use the elements and indices constructs inside a select clause, even on databases with no subselects.}谁帮我解释一下上边两句，谢过！11。子查询hibernate同样支持子查询，写几个例子：from eg.cat as fatcat where fatcat.weight > ( select avg(cat.weight) from eg.domesticcat cat )（二）条件查询criteria query
。数学函数jdo目前好像还不支持此类特性。avg(…), sum(…), min(…), max(…) count(*) count(…), count(distinct …), count(all…) 其用法和sql基本相同select distinct employee.name from employee as employee select count(distinct employee.name),count(employee) from employee as employee 6。polymorphism (暂时不知道如何解释？)from com.test.animal as animal不光得到所有animal得实例，而且可以得到所有animal的子类（如果我们定义了一个子类cat）一个比较极端的例子from java.lang.object as o可以得到所有持久类的实例7。where语句定义查询语句的条件，举几个例子吧：from employee as employee where employee.name=jplateaufrom employee as employee where employee.name like j%from employee as employee where employee.name like %u在where语句中“=”不光可以比较对象的属性，也可以比较对象，如：select animal from com.test.animal as animal where animal.name=dog8。表达式在sql语句中大部分的表达式在hql中都可以使用：mathematical operators +, -, *, / binary comparison operators =, >=, <=, <>, !=, like logical operations and, or, not string concatenation || sql scalar functions like upper() and lower() parentheses ( ) indicate grouping in, between, is null jdbc in parameters ? named parameters :name, :start_date, :x1 （这种应该是另一种"?"的变通解决方法）sql literals foo, 69, 1970-01-01 10:00:01.0 java public static final constants eg.color.tabby 其他不必解释了，在这里我只想对查询中的参数问题说明一下：大家知道在sql中进行传递参数进行查询的时候，我们通常用preparedstatement，在语句中写一大堆的“？”，在hql中也可以用这种方法，如：list mates = sess.find("select employee.name from employee as employee " +"where employee.name=? ",name,hibernate.string);(说明：上面利用session里的find方法，在hibernate的api session中重载了很多find方法，它可以满足你多种形式的查询)上边是一个参数的情形，这种情况下紧接着引入参数和定义参数的类型，当为多个参数，调用另一个find方法，它的后两个参数都是数组的形式。还有另外一种方法来解决上边的问题，jdo也有这样的方法，不过和hibernate的表现形式上有差别，但他们两个骨子里却是一样的，如：query q = sess.createquery("select employee.name from employee as employee where employee.name=:name");q.setstring("name", "jplateau");//当有多个参数的时候在此逐一定义iterator employees = q.iterate(); 9。order 语句和sql语句没什么差别，如：select employee.name from employee as employee where employee.name like j% order by employee.id desc (或者asc)10。group by 语句同样和sql语句没什么差别，如：select employee.name,employee.depno from employee as employee group by employee.depnoselect foo.id, avg( elements(foo.names) ), max( indices(foo.names) ) from eg.foo foo group by foo.id{note: you may use the elements and indices constructs inside a select clause, even on databases with no subselects.}谁帮我解释一下上边两句，谢过！11。子查询hibernate同样支持子查询，写几个例子：from eg.cat as fatcat where fatcat.weight > ( select avg(cat.weight) from eg.domesticcat cat )（二）条件查询criteria query
criteria criteria = session.createcriteria(tuser.class);criteria.add(expression.eq("name", "erica"));criteria.add(expression.eq("sex", new integer(1)));
（三）原生sql语句查询
