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ajax的server部分(php版)_ajax教程

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Server端的任务通常是根据Client的请求,进行逻辑操作,并将结果响应返回。这个响应通常为XML格式(因此server端需要使用PHP的DOM创建XML响应)


1.PHP使用DOM创建XML响应,供client端的JS解析然后在页面中显示;(因此需要熟练PHP的DOM API)
其实,PHP生成XML的方法有两种:
使用DOM API;(方法一)
另一种是直接将XML的内容echo出去即可;(方法二)
见示例:
HTML页面(包含三个JS触发函数:onmouseover, onmouseout, onclick; 分别触发自己的函数)
<!doctype html public “-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 tRANSITIONAL//en”>
<html>
<head>
<title> Server PHP Ajax </title>
<script type=”text/javascript” src=”http://www.knowsky.com/js.js”></script>
</head>


<body>
<span onmouseover=”PHPechoXML()” onmouseout=”PHPDOMXML()”>Default Words</span>
<div id=”show”></div>
divide<input type=”text” id=”firstNumber”/>by
<input type=”text” id=”secondNumber”/>
<input type=”button” value=”Send” onclick=”CSparameter()”/>
<div id=”result”></div>
</body>
</html>
JS页面(分别定义三个JS触发函数:PHPechoXML, PHPDOMXML, 以及CSparameter)
其中有XMLHttpRequest对象创建函数,以及各自的Server响应处理函数
///////1. 创建XMLHttpRequest对象
var xmlHttp = createXmlHttpRequestObject();


function createXmlHttpRequestObject()
…{
  var xmlHttp;


  try
  …{
    // try to create XMLHttpRequest object
    xmlHttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
  }
  catch(e)
  …{
    // assume IE6 or older
    var XmlHttpVersions = new Array(MSXML2.XMLHTTP.6.0,
                                    MSXML2.XMLHTTP.5.0,
                                    MSXML2.XMLHTTP.4.0,
                                    MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0,
                                    MSXML2.XMLHTTP,
                                    Microsoft.XMLHTTP);
    for (var i=0; i<XmlHttpVersions.length && !xmlHttp; i++)
    …{
      try
 
      …{
        // try to create XMLHttpRequest object
        xmlHttp = new ActiveXObject(XmlHttpVersions[i]);
      }
      catch (e) …{}
    }
  }
  if (!xmlHttp)
    alert(“Error creating the XMLHttpRequest object.”);
  else
    return xmlHttp;
}



///////2. JavaScript事件响应函数(onmouseover触发)
// read a file from the server
function PHPechoXML()
…{
  // only continue if xmlHttp isnt void
  if (xmlHttp)
  …{
    // try to connect to the server
    try
    …{
      // initiate reading a file from the server
      //向Server端的PHPechoXML.php文件发送异步请求
      xmlHttp.open(“GET”, “PHPechoXML.php”, true);
      xmlHttp.onreadystatechange = handleRequestStateChange;
      xmlHttp.send(null);
    }
    // display the error in case of failure
    catch (e)
    …{
      alert(“Cant connect to server: ” + e.toString());
    }
  }
}


///////3. JavaScript事件响应函数(onmouseout触发)
function PHPDOMXML()
…{
  // only continue if xmlHttp isnt void
  if (xmlHttp)
  …{
    // try to connect to the server
    try
    …{
      // initiate reading a file from the server
      //向Server端的PHPDOMXML.php文件发送异步请求
      xmlHttp.open(“GET”, “PHPDOMXML.php”, true);
      xmlHttp.onreadystatechange = handleRequestStateChange;
      xmlHttp.send(null);
    }
    // display the error in case of failure
    catch (e)
    …{
      alert(“Cant connect to server: ” + e.toString());
    }
  }
}


// handles the response received from the server,Server端状态回调函数
function handleRequestStateChange()
…{


  if (xmlHttp.readyState == 4)
  …{
    // continue only if HTTP status is “OK”
    if (xmlHttp.status == 200)
    …{
      try
      …{
          // read the message from the server
          var xmlResponse = xmlHttp.responseXML;


            //捕获IE和Opera潜在的错误
            if(!xmlResponse||!xmlResponse.documentElement)
            …{
                throw(“Invalid XML structure:  “+xmlHttp.responseText);
            }
            //捕获FireFox的潜在错误
            var rootNodeName=xmlResponse.documentElement.nodeName;
            if(rootNodeName==”parsererror”)
            …{
                throw(“Invalid XML structure: “+xmlHttp.responseText);
            }


            //获取Server端响应的XML响应并解析,到网页中显示
          // obtain the XMLs document element
          xmlRoot = xmlResponse.documentElement; 
          // obtain arrays with book titles and ISBNs
          cityArray=xmlRoot.getElementsByTagName(“city”);
          // generate HTML output
          var html = “”; 
          // iterate through the arrays and create an HTML structure
          for (var i=0; i<cityArray.length; i++)
            html += cityArray.item(i).firstChild.data + “<br/>”;
          // obtain a reference to the <div> element on the page
          myDiv = document.getElementById(“show”);
          // display the HTML output
          myDiv.innerHTML = “Server says: <br />” + html;
      }
      catch(e)
      …{
        // display error message
        alert(“Error reading the response: ” + e.toString());
      }
    }
    else
    …{
      // display status message
      alert(“There was a problem retrieving the data: ” +
            xmlHttp.statusText);
    }
  }
}


 


///////4. JavaScript事件响应函数(onclick触发)
function CSparameter()
…{
  // only continue if xmlHttp isnt void
  if (xmlHttp)
  …{
    // try to connect to the server
    try
    …{


    //获取form中的值
    var firstNumber=document.getElementById(“firstNumber”).value;
    var secondNumber=document.getElementById(“secondNumber”).value;


    //设置为参数,对Server端的CSparameter.php进行异步请求
   var param=”firstNumber=”+firstNumber+”&secondNumber=”+secondNumber;


      // initiate reading a file from the server
      xmlHttp.open(“GET”, “CSparameter.php?”+param, true);
      xmlHttp.onreadystatechange = handleRequestStateChangePara;
      xmlHttp.send(null);
    }
    // display the error in case of failure
    catch (e)
    …{
      alert(“Cant connect to server: ” + e.toString());
    }
  }
}


//Server状态改变回调函数(Server端接受Client端传来的参数经过逻辑计算之后返回XML响应,Client端对XML进行解析,返回更新到页面中)
// handles the response received from the server
function handleRequestStateChangePara()
…{


  if (xmlHttp.readyState == 4)
  …{
    // continue only if HTTP status is “OK”
    if (xmlHttp.status == 200)
    …{
      try
      …{
          // read the message from the server
          var xmlResponse = xmlHttp.responseXML;
         
            //捕获IE和Opera潜在的错误
            if(!xmlResponse||!xmlResponse.documentElement)
            …{
                throw(“Invalid XML structure:  “+xmlHttp.responseText);
            }
            //捕获FireFox的潜在错误
            var rootNodeName=xmlResponse.documentElement.nodeName;
            if(rootNodeName==”parsererror”)
            …{
                throw(“Invalid XML structure: “+xmlHttp.responseText);
            }


          // obtain the XMLs document element
          xmlRoot = xmlResponse.documentElement; 
           
          cityArray=xmlRoot.getElementsByTagName(“result”);
          // generate HTML output
          var html = “”; 
          // iterate through the arrays and create an HTML structure
          for (var i=0; i<cityArray.length; i++)
            html += cityArray.item(i).firstChild.data + “<br/>”;
          // obtain a reference to the <div> element on the page
          myDiv = document.getElementById(“result”);
          // display the HTML output
          myDiv.innerHTML = “Server says: <br />” + html;
      }
      catch(e)
      …{
        // display error message
        alert(“Error reading the response: ” + e.toString());
      }
    }
    else
    …{
      // display status message
      alert(“There was a problem retrieving the data: ” +
            xmlHttp.statusText);
    }
  }
}


Server端的PHP脚本(负责接受Client端的异步请求做出响应,并以XML格式返回到Client端)
PHPechoXML.php(PHP生成XML响应的第一种方法,echo输出XML内容)
<?php
//server端的PHP生成XML文件的第一种方法,直接echo出XML
header(Content-Type: text/xml);
// generate XML header
echo <?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″ standalone=”yes”?>;


echo <cities>;
$cityArray=array(Paris,London,NewYork,Beijing,Tokoy);
foreach ($cityArray as $city)
{
    echo <city>.$city.</city>;
}
echo </cities>;


?>


PHPDOMXML.php(PHP生成XML响应的第二种方法,使用PHP的DOM API,输出XML格式的响应)
<?php
  header(Content-Type: text/xml);
 
  $cityArray=array(Shanghai,Beijing,Shanxi,Shandong);
  //创建一个XML文档
  $dom=new DOMDocument();
  //最外层的Tag
  $citiesTag=$dom->createElement(cities);
  $dom->appendChild($citiesTag);
  //里面的Tag可以通过循环产生
  foreach ($cityArray as $city)
  {
    $cityTag=$dom->createElement(city);
    $cityName=$dom->createTextNode($city);
    $cityTag->appendChild($cityName);
    $citiesTag->appendChild($cityTag);
  }
  //将XML结构保存为字符串并输出
  $xmlString=$dom->saveXML();
  echo $xmlString; 
?>


2. client端的与Server端的参数传递:
client端的网页中可以有form,这样可以将参数传递到server端<GET或POST方法,变量或XML>,server端根据传递的参数,生成满足要求的XML响应;(实现了client端和server端的参数交互)
见示例:
与1中一样,参数传递的PHP端的脚本如下CSparameter.php(接受Client端form异步请求的参数,进行逻辑处理,并生成XML响应发回Client端)<?php
//自定义Server端的错误处理函数
require_once(error_handler.php);
header(Content-Type: text/xml);


//接受Client端异步请求的参数
$firstNumber=$_GET[firstNumber];
$secondNumber=$_GET[secondNumber];


//进行逻辑计算
$result=$firstNumber/$secondNumber;


//生成XML格式的响应向Client端返回
$dom=new DOMDocument();
$resultsTag=$dom->createElement(results);
$dom->appendChild($resultsTag);


$resultTag=$dom->createElement(result);
$resultText=$dom->createTextNode($result);
$resultTag->appendChild($resultText);
$resultsTag->appendChild($resultTag);


$xmlString=$dom->saveXML();
echo $xmlString;


?>
3. PHP端的错误异常(这里说的错误或异常都是指逻辑错误)处理:
a)PHP默认情况下,发生错误或异常的时候,不会将异常抛出(这是因为php.ini中display_errors的默认置为off,错误将被保存在Apache错误日志记录中),因此编写起来很难调试。<往往浏览器显示的错不太容易定位>


b)但如果将display_errors设置为on后,错误将显示出来,但是不友好的出错信息.
http://www.knowsky.com/
c)可以编写自己的PHP错误异常处理函数(不一定要求display_errors设置为on),将错误以明显的方式显示出来,便于调试;
通常自己编写异常处理函数如下:
显示定义的Server端错误异常抛出函数error_handler.php(PHP程序中可以方便地复用)
<?php
//set a user-defined error handler function用户自定义出错异常处理方法
set_error_handler(error_handler, E_ALL);
function error_handler($errNo,$errStr,$errFile,$errLine)
{
    //如果输出缓存非空,将其置空
    if(ob_get_length()) ob_clean();
    //定义自定义输出   
    $error_message=ERRNO: .$errNo.chr(10).TEXT: .$errStr.chr(10).LOCATION: .$errFile., Line.$errLine;
    echo $error_message;
    exit;
}
?>


4.server端存取数据库<使用MySQL存取数据,从而实现真正的动态>
这个已经很经典了,可以使用MySQL或MSSQL、Oracle等
a)打开数据库;b)SQL语句Query c)关闭数据库


5.server端PHP程序封装和体系结构(server端php程序引入设计模式)
a) appname.php    <接受client端请求>
b) appname.class.php    <将server端的逻辑、数据库操作、错误处理等封装成类,包含属性、方法、构造函数、析构函数>
c) config.php
d) error_handler.php


一个server端引入设计模式的例子:(设计Server端PHP脚本的程序架构,增强扩展性和重用性)
一个很简单的Keywords Suggest程序:(包括index.html, css/style.css, js.js以及PHP代码php/suggest.php, suggest.class.php, error_handler.php, config.php 支持数据库)
index.html(css/style.css, js.js; 注意两个JS客户端事件触发onkeyup,onclick)
onkeyup在用户输入的时候实时异步地向Server端发送请求,Server给出响应;onclick在用户点击search的时候,向Server发送请求
<!doctype html public “-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 tRANSITIONAL//en”>
<html>
<head>
<title> Design Pattern PHP AJAX (keywords suggest DEMO) </title>
<link type=”text/css” rel=”stylesheet” href=”css/style.css”/>
<script type=”text/javascript” src=”http://www.knowsky.com/js.js”></script>
</head>
<body>
    <noscript>
        <strong>This example requires a JavaScript-enabled browser!</strong>
    </noscript>
    <div class=”project”>
        <span class=”title”>Welcome to Design Pattern PHP AJAX (keywords suggest DEMO) </span>
        <br />
        <br />
        <div class=”news”>
        <br /><input type=”text” id=”keyword” onkeyup=”keyup()” /><input type=”button” id=”search” onclick=”search()” value=”search”><br /><br />
            suggest keywords:
            <div id=”show”></div>
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>
css/style.css
body
{…}{
    font-family: Arial;
    font-size: small;
    background-color: #fff;
}
.title
{…}{
    font-size:x-large;
}
div.project
{…}{
    background-color: #99ccff;
    padding:5px;
    border:#000099 1px solid;
}
div.news
{…}{
    background-color:#fffbb8;
    padding:2px;
    border: 1px dashed;
}
#show
{…}{
    color: #008000;
    font-style: italic;
}js.js(JS中定义响应函数以及Client处理Server响应的回调函数)
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//1.创建XMLHttpRequest对象
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
var xmlHttp = createXmlHttpRequestObject();
function createXmlHttpRequestObject()
…{
  var xmlHttp;
  try
  …{
    // try to create XMLHttpRequest object
    xmlHttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
  }
  catch(e)
  …{
    // assume IE6 or older
    var XmlHttpVersions = new Array(MSXML2.XMLHTTP.6.0,
                                    MSXML2.XMLHTTP.5.0,
                                    MSXML2.XMLHTTP.4.0,
                                    MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0,
                                    MSXML2.XMLHTTP,
                                    Microsoft.XMLHTTP);
    for (var i=0; i<XmlHttpVersions.length && !xmlHttp; i++)
    …{
      try
 
      …{
        // try to create XMLHttpRequest object
        xmlHttp = new ActiveXObject(XmlHttpVersions[i]);
      }
      catch (e) …{}
    }
  }
  if (!xmlHttp)
    alert(“Error creating the XMLHttpRequest object.”);
  else
    return xmlHttp;
}


//向id为show的div显示server端响应的正确
function display(message)
…{
    showDIV=document.getElementById(“show”);
    showDIV.innerHTML=message;
}
//向id为show的div显示server端响应的错误信息
function displayError(errormessage)
…{
    //显示出错信息
    display(“Error retrieving the new message!<br/>”+errormessage);
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//2. event-driven函数(keyup函数)
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
var keyupAddress=”php/suggest.php?action=keyup&keyword=”;
function keyup()
…{
    if(xmlHttp)
    …{
        //server不忙的时候发送异步请求
        if(xmlHttp.readyState==0||xmlHttp.readyState==4)
        …{
            try
            …{
                var keyword=document.getElementById(“keyword”).value;
                //发出异步请求
                xmlHttp.open(“GET”,keyupAddress+keyword,true);
                xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=handlereadystatechange;
                xmlHttp.send(null);
            }
            catch(e)
            …{
                displayError(e.toString);
            }           
        }
    }
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//3. 回调函数,server端响应状态发生变化后激发该函数
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
function handlereadystatechange()
…{
    if(xmlHttp.readyState==4)
    …{
        if(xmlHttp.status==200)
        …{
            try
            …{
                //获取server端响应
                var xmlResponse = xmlHttp.responseXML;
                suggestArray=xmlResponse.getElementsByTagName(“suggest”);
                var showText=””;
                for(var i=0;i<suggestArray.length;i++)
                …{
                    var textNodes=suggestArray[i].getElementsByTagName(“text”);
                    var timesNodes=suggestArray[i].getElementsByTagName(“times”);
                    for(var j=0;j<textNodes.length;j++)
                    …{
                        showText+=textNodes[j].childNodes[0].nodeValue+” (“+timesNodes[j].childNodes[0].nodeValue+”) <br />”;   
                    }
                }
                //显示响应到页面中
                display(showText);
            }
            catch(e)
            …{
                displayError(e.toString());
            }
        }
    }
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//2. event-driven函数(search函数)
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
var searchAddress=”php/suggest.php?action=search&keyword=”;
function search()
…{
    if(xmlHttp)
    …{
        //server不忙的时候发送异步请求
        if(xmlHttp.readyState==0||xmlHttp.readyState==4)
        …{
            try
            …{
                var keyword=document.getElementById(“keyword”).value;
                //发出异步请求
                xmlHttp.open(“GET”,searchAddress+keyword,true);
                xmlHttp.onreadystatechange=handlereadystatechange;
                xmlHttp.send(null);
            }
            catch(e)
            …{
                displayError(e.toString);
            }           
        }
    }
}


最后注意:Server端PHP脚本的程序架构(suggest.php为Server端的主要处理函数,另外suggest.class.php,error_handler.php,config.php等)
suggest.php(获取Client端的参数,并调用suggest类的两个方法,生成XML格式的响应发回到Client端)
<?php
require_once(suggest.class.php);
header(Content-Type: text/xml);
//确定用户浏览器不会缓存结果
header(Expires: Wed, 23 Dec 1980 00:30:00 GMT);
header(Last-Modified: .gmdate(D, d M Y H:i:s). GMT );
header(Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate);
header(Pragma: no-cache);


$action=$_GET[action];
$keyword=$_GET[keyword];


$oSuggest=new suggest();
if($action==keyup&&$keyword!=)
{
    $suggestXML=$oSuggest->getSuggests($keyword);
}
if($action==search&&$keyword!=)
{
    $suggestXML=$oSuggest->submitKeyword($keyword);
}
echo $suggestXML;
?>suggest.class.php类
<?php
require_once(error_handler.php);
require_once(config.php);
class suggest
{
    //成员变量
    private $conn;


    //构造函数, 数据库链接
    function __construct()
    {
        $this->conn=new mysqli(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_DATABASE);
        if (mysqli_connect_errno()) {
            printf(“Connect failed: %s “, mysqli_connect_error());
            exit();
        }
    }
    //析构函数,断开数据库链接
    function __destruct()
    {
        $this->conn->close();
    }
    //getSuggests成员函数(该函数主要响应Client端action=keyup,即用户正在输入时候的异步请求)
    public function getSuggests($keyword)
    {
        //产生suggest(产生数据库中与所输入关键词前半部分相同的关键词)         
        $suggest_query=select * from keywords where keyword like .$keyword.% order by times desc limit 5;
        $suggest_result=$this->conn->query($suggest_query);
        $suggest_num=$suggest_result->num_rows;          


        $strOUT=<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″ standalone=”yes”?>;
        if($suggest_num==0)
        {
            //$strOUT=$strOUT.<suggests><suggest><text>.$keyword.</text><times>0</times></suggest></suggests>;
        }
        else
        {
            $strOUT=$strOUT.”<suggests>”;
            for($i=0;$i<$suggest_num;$i++)
            {
              $suggest_row = $suggest_result->fetch_row();
              $strOUT=$strOUT.<suggest><text>.$suggest_row[1].</text><times>.$suggest_row[2].</times></suggest>;
            }
           $strOUT=$strOUT.</suggests>;            
        }
       return $strOUT;
    }
    //submitKeyword成员函数(该函数主要响应Client端action=search,即用户点击search时候的异步请求)
    public function submitKeyword($keyword)
    {
        $select_query=select * from keywords where keyword=.$keyword.;
        $select_result=$this->conn->query($select_query);
        $select_num=$select_result->num_rows;
       
        //遇到新的keywords添加到数据库中,遇到已有的keywords增加次数
        $strOUT=<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″ standalone=”yes”?>;       
        //已经存在,增加次数
        if($select_num!=0)
        {
            $select_row = $select_result->fetch_row();
            $times_now=$select_row[2];
            $times_now=$times_now+1;
            $update_query=update keywords set times =.$times_now. where keyword=.$keyword.;
            $update_result=$this->conn->query($update_query);               
            $strOUT=$strOUT.<suggests><suggest><text>.$keyword.</text><times>.$times_now.</times></suggest></suggests>;
        }
        else
        {
        //不存在保存插入
            $insert_query=insert into keywords(keyword, times) values (.$keyword.,1);
            $insert_result=$this->conn->query($insert_query);
            $strOUT=$strOUT.<suggests><suggest><text>.$keyword.</text><times>1</times></suggest></suggests>;
        }
       return $strOUT;
    }
}
?>
最后两个函数,config.php保存应用程序配置信息(如 数据库配置信息)
<?php
define(DB_HOST, localhost);
define(DB_USER,phpajaxuser);
define(DB_PASSWORD,phpajaxuser);
define(DB_DATABASE,phpajax);
?>
error_handler.php保存自定义异常处理
<?php
//设置用户自定义错误处理函数
set_error_handler(error_handler, E_ALL);


function error_handler($errNo,$errStr,$errFile,$errLine)
{
    if(ob_get_length()) ob_clean();


    $error_message=ERRNO: .$errNo.chr(10).TEXT: .$errStr.chr(10).LOCATION: .$errFile. Line: .$errLine;
    echo $error_message;
    exit;
}
?>最后还需要sql语句向数据库中添加用于保存keywords的database
CREATE TABLE `keywords` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment,
  `keyword` varchar(32) NOT NULL default ,
  `times` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default 0,
  PRIMARY KEY  (`id`)
) TYPE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;


6.关于PHP的小知识,以后研究:
PHP从远程服务器读取数据的方法(有点儿类似Web Crawl):
file_get_contents;
或者CURL<Client URL Library>www.php.net/curl

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